Environmental Product Declaration for various Ready Mix Concrete designs produced by Ready Mix Inc. at their Lower Mainland facility in Maple Ridge

Environmental Product Declaration for various Ready Mix Concrete designs produced by Ready Mix Inc. at their Lower Mainland facility in British Columbia, Canada



Administrative information

International Certified Environmental Product Declaration


Company Description

Ready Mix Inc. aims to be the undisputed leader in building materials.

Study Goal

The intended application of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is to comply with the procedures for creating a Type III environmental product declaration (EPD) and publish the EPD for public review on the website, https://p3optima.com/ . This level of study is in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) for Ready Mix Concrete published by NSF International (2019) and is a sub-PCR of International Standards Organization (ISO) 21930:2017 Sustainability in buildings and civil works - Core rules for EPDs of construction products and services; International Standards Organization (ISO) 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations, Type III environmental declarations-Principles and procedures; ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment- Requirements and guidelines; and ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework. The performance of this study and its subsequent publishing is in alignment with the business to business (B2B) communication requirements for the environmental assessment of building products. The study does not intend to support comparative assertions and is intended to be disclosed to the public.

This project report was commissioned to differentiate Ready Mix Inc. from their competition for the following reasons: generate an advantage for the organization; offer customers information to help them make informed product decisions; improve the environmental performance of Ready Mix Inc. by continuously measuring, controlling and reducing the environmental impacts of their products; help project facilitators working on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects achieve their credit goal; and to strengthen Ready Mix Inc.’s license to operate in the community. The intended audience for this LCA report is Ready Mix Inc.’s employees, their suppliers, project specifiers of their products, architects, and engineers. The EPD report is also available for policy makers, government officials interested in sustainability, academic professors, and LCA professionals. This LCA report does not include product comparisons from other facilities.

Description of product and scope

Products covered by this EPD satisfy general purpose concrete as used in residential, commercial and public works applications in Canada.

This EPD reports the impacts for different Ready Mix Concrete products in accordance with the following standards depending on the final product and region:

Table 1: Ready Mix Concrete materials and their associated standards/specifications
Portland Cement ASTM C150, AASHTO M 85 or CSA A3001
Blended Hydraulic Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Portland-limestone Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Performance-based Hydraulic Cement ASTM C1157
Fine Aggregate - natural sand ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Fine Aggregate - manufactured ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - natural gravel ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - crushed ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Lightweight Aggregates ASTM C330/C330M
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) - Fly Ash ASTM C618, AASHTO M 295, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Silica Fume ASTM C1240, CSA A3000
SCMs - Blast Furnace Slag Cement ASTM C989/C989M, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Natural Pozzolan ASTM C618, CSA A3000
Chemical Admixture - Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C/E
Chemical Admixture - Air Entraining Agent ASTM C260/C260M
Chemical Admixture - Hardening Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C
Chemical Admixture - Plasticizer & suerplasticizers ASTM C494/C494M Type F/G, ASTM C1017/C1017M
Chemical Admixture - Retarders ASTM C494/C494M Type B/D
Chemical Admixture - Water reducing/resisting ASTM C494/C494M Type A/B/D/E
Chemcial Admixture - Coloring ASTM C979/C979M
Chemical Admixture - Corrosion Inhibitors ASTM C494 Type C/E, ASTM C1582/C1582M
Fibers ASTM C1116
Pigments ASTM C979/C979M
Batch Water ASTM C1602

This LCA assumes the impacts from products manufactured in accordance with the standards outlined in this report. This LCA is a “cradle-to-gate” study, and therefore, stages extending beyond the plant gate are not included in this LCA. Excluded stages include transportation of the manufactured material to the construction site; on-site construction processes and components; building (infrastructure) use and maintenance; and “end-of-life” effects.

Ready Mix Concrete design summary

The following tables provide a list of the Ready Mix Concrete designs considered in this EPD along with key performance parameters.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 2: Declared products with Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
1 Mix1-15MPa-F1 GU 15MPa Normal strength concrete 15.00 17.00 19.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
2 Mix2-15.25MPa-F1 GU 15.3MPa Normal strength concrete 15.25 17.25 19.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
3 Mix3-15.5MPa-F1 GU 15.5MPa Normal strength concrete 15.50 17.50 19.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
4 Mix4-15.75MPa-F1 GU 15.8MPa Normal strength concrete 15.75 17.75 19.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
5 Mix5-16MPa-F1 GU 16MPa Normal strength concrete 16.00 18.00 20.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
6 Mix6-16.25MPa-F1 GU 16.3MPa Normal strength concrete 16.25 18.25 20.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
7 Mix7-16.5MPa-F1 GU 16.5MPa Normal strength concrete 16.50 18.50 20.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
8 Mix8-16.75MPa-F1 GU 16.8MPa Normal strength concrete 16.75 18.75 20.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
9 Mix9-17MPa-F1 GU 17MPa Normal strength concrete 17.00 19.00 21.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
10 Mix10-17.25MPa-F1 GU 17.3MPa Normal strength concrete 17.25 19.25 21.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
11 Mix11-17.5MPa-F1 GU 17.5MPa Normal strength concrete 17.50 19.50 21.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
12 Mix12-17.75MPa-F1 GU 17.8MPa Normal strength concrete 17.75 19.75 21.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
13 Mix13-18MPa-F1 GU 18MPa Normal strength concrete 18.00 20.00 22.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
14 Mix14-18.25MPa-F1 GU 18.3MPa Normal strength concrete 18.25 20.25 22.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
15 Mix15-18.5MPa-F1 GU 18.5MPa Normal strength concrete 18.50 20.50 22.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
16 Mix16-18.75MPa-F1 GU 18.8MPa Normal strength concrete 18.75 20.75 22.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
17 Mix17-19MPa-F1 GU 19MPa Normal strength concrete 19.00 21.00 23.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
18 Mix18-19.25MPa-F1 GU 19.3MPa Normal strength concrete 19.25 21.25 23.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
19 Mix19-19.5MPa-F1 GU 19.5MPa Normal strength concrete 19.50 21.50 23.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
20 Mix20-19.75MPa-F1 GU 19.8MPa Normal strength concrete 19.75 21.75 23.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
21 Mix21-20MPa-F1 GU 20MPa Normal strength concrete 20.00 22.00 24.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 3: Declared products with Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
22 Mix22-20.25MPa-F1 GU 20.3MPa Normal strength concrete 20.25 22.25 24.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
23 Mix23-20.5MPa-F1 GU 20.5MPa Normal strength concrete 20.50 22.50 24.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
24 Mix24-20.75MPa-F1 GU 20.8MPa Normal strength concrete 20.75 22.75 24.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
25 Mix25-21MPa-F1 GU 21MPa Normal strength concrete 21.00 23.00 25.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
26 Mix26-21.25MPa-F1 GU 21.3MPa Normal strength concrete 21.25 23.25 25.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
27 Mix27-21.5MPa-F1 GU 21.5MPa Normal strength concrete 21.50 23.50 25.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
28 Mix28-21.75MPa-F1 GU 21.8MPa Normal strength concrete 21.75 23.75 25.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
29 Mix29-22MPa-F1 GU 22MPa Normal strength concrete 22.00 24.00 26.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
30 Mix30-22.25MPa-F1 GU 22.3MPa Normal strength concrete 22.25 24.25 26.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
31 Mix31-22.5MPa-F1 GU 22.5MPa Normal strength concrete 22.50 24.50 26.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
32 Mix32-22.75MPa-F1 GU 22.8MPa Normal strength concrete 22.75 24.75 26.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
33 Mix33-23MPa-F1 GU 23MPa Normal strength concrete 23.00 25.00 27.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
34 Mix34-23.25MPa-F1 GU 23.3MPa Normal strength concrete 23.25 25.25 27.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
35 Mix35-23.5MPa-F1 GU 23.5MPa Normal strength concrete 23.50 25.50 27.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
36 Mix36-23.75MPa-F1 GU 23.8MPa Normal strength concrete 23.75 25.75 27.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
37 Mix37-24MPa-F1 GU 24MPa Normal strength concrete 24.00 26.00 28.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
38 Mix38-24.25MPa-F1 GU 24.3MPa Normal strength concrete 24.25 26.25 28.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
39 Mix39-24.5MPa-F1 GU 24.5MPa Normal strength concrete 24.50 26.50 28.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
40 Mix40-24.75MPa-F1 GU 24.8MPa Normal strength concrete 24.75 26.75 28.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
41 Mix41-25MPa-F1 GU 25MPa Normal strength concrete 25.00 27.00 29.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 4: Declared products with Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
42 Mix42-25.25MPa-F1 GU 25.3MPa Normal strength concrete 25.25 27.25 29.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
43 Mix43-25.5MPa-F1 GU 25.5MPa Normal strength concrete 25.50 27.50 29.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
44 Mix44-25.75MPa-F1 GU 25.8MPa Normal strength concrete 25.75 27.75 29.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
45 Mix45-26MPa-F1 GU 26MPa Normal strength concrete 26.00 28.00 30.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
46 Mix46-26.25MPa-F1 GU 26.3MPa Normal strength concrete 26.25 28.25 30.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
47 Mix47-26.5MPa-F1 GU 26.5MPa Normal strength concrete 26.50 28.50 30.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
48 Mix48-26.75MPa-F1 GU 26.8MPa Normal strength concrete 26.75 28.75 30.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
49 Mix49-27MPa-F1 GU 27MPa Normal strength concrete 27.00 29.00 31.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
50 Mix50-27.25MPa-F1 GU 27.3MPa Normal strength concrete 27.25 29.25 31.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
51 Mix51-27.5MPa-F1 GU 27.5MPa Normal strength concrete 27.50 29.50 31.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
52 Mix52-27.75MPa-F1 GU 27.8MPa Normal strength concrete 27.75 29.75 31.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
53 Mix53-28MPa-F1 GU 28MPa Normal strength concrete 28.00 30.00 32.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
54 Mix54-28.25MPa-F1 GU 28.3MPa Normal strength concrete 28.25 30.25 32.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
55 Mix55-28.5MPa-F1 GU 28.5MPa Normal strength concrete 28.50 30.50 32.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
56 Mix56-28.75MPa-F1 GU 28.8MPa Normal strength concrete 28.75 30.75 32.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
57 Mix57-29MPa-F1 GU 29MPa Normal strength concrete 29.00 31.00 33.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
58 Mix58-29.25MPa-F1 GU 29.3MPa Normal strength concrete 29.25 31.25 33.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
59 Mix59-29.5MPa-F1 GU 29.5MPa Normal strength concrete 29.50 31.50 33.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
60 Mix60-29.75MPa-F1 GU 29.8MPa Normal strength concrete 29.75 31.75 33.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
61 Mix61-30MPa-F1 GU 30MPa Normal strength concrete 30.00 32.00 34.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 5: Declared products with Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
62 Mix62-30.25MPa-F1 GU 30.3MPa Normal strength concrete 30.25 32.25 34.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
63 Mix63-30.5MPa-F1 GU 30.5MPa Normal strength concrete 30.50 32.50 34.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
64 Mix64-30.75MPa-F1 GU 30.8MPa Normal strength concrete 30.75 32.75 34.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
65 Mix65-31MPa-F1 GU 31MPa Normal strength concrete 31.00 33.00 35.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
66 Mix66-31.25MPa-F1 GU 31.3MPa Normal strength concrete 31.25 33.25 35.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
67 Mix67-31.5MPa-F1 GU 31.5MPa Normal strength concrete 31.50 33.50 35.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
68 Mix68-31.75MPa-F1 GU 31.8MPa Normal strength concrete 31.75 33.75 35.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
69 Mix69-32MPa-F1 GU 32MPa Normal strength concrete 32.00 34.00 36.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
70 Mix70-32.25MPa-F1 GU 32.3MPa Normal strength concrete 32.25 34.25 36.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
71 Mix71-32.5MPa-F1 GU 32.5MPa Normal strength concrete 32.50 34.50 36.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
72 Mix72-32.75MPa-F1 GU 32.8MPa Normal strength concrete 32.75 34.75 36.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
73 Mix73-33MPa-F1 GU 33MPa Normal strength concrete 33.00 35.00 37.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
74 Mix74-33.25MPa-F1 GU 33.3MPa Normal strength concrete 33.25 35.25 37.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
75 Mix75-33.5MPa-F1 GU 33.5MPa Normal strength concrete 33.50 35.50 37.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
76 Mix76-33.75MPa-F1 GU 33.8MPa Normal strength concrete 33.75 35.75 37.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
77 Mix77-34MPa-F1 GU 34MPa Normal strength concrete 34.00 36.00 38.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
78 Mix78-34.25MPa-F1 GU 34.3MPa Normal strength concrete 34.25 36.25 38.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
79 Mix79-34.5MPa-F1 GU 34.5MPa Normal strength concrete 34.50 36.50 38.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
80 Mix80-34.75MPa-F1 GU 34.8MPa Normal strength concrete 34.75 36.75 38.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
81 Mix81-35MPa-F1 GU 35MPa Normal strength concrete 35.00 37.00 39.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 6: Declared products with Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
82 Mix82-35.25MPa-F1 GU 35.3MPa Normal strength concrete 35.25 37.25 39.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
83 Mix83-35.5MPa-F1 GU 35.5MPa Normal strength concrete 35.50 37.50 39.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
84 Mix84-35.75MPa-F1 GU 35.8MPa Normal strength concrete 35.75 37.75 39.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
85 Mix85-36MPa-F1 GU 36MPa Normal strength concrete 36.00 38.00 40.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
86 Mix86-36.25MPa-F1 GU 36.3MPa Normal strength concrete 36.25 38.25 40.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
87 Mix87-36.5MPa-F1 GU 36.5MPa Normal strength concrete 36.50 38.50 40.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
88 Mix88-36.75MPa-F1 GU 36.8MPa Normal strength concrete 36.75 38.75 40.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
89 Mix89-37MPa-F1 GU 37MPa Normal strength concrete 37.00 39.00 41.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
90 Mix90-37.25MPa-F1 GU 37.3MPa Normal strength concrete 37.25 39.25 41.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
91 Mix91-37.5MPa-F1 GU 37.5MPa Normal strength concrete 37.50 39.50 41.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
92 Mix92-37.75MPa-F1 GU 37.8MPa Normal strength concrete 37.75 39.75 41.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
93 Mix93-38MPa-F1 GU 38MPa Normal strength concrete 38.00 40.00 42.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
94 Mix94-38.25MPa-F1 GU 38.3MPa Normal strength concrete 38.25 40.25 42.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
95 Mix95-38.5MPa-F1 GU 38.5MPa Normal strength concrete 38.50 40.50 42.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
96 Mix96-38.75MPa-F1 GU 38.8MPa Normal strength concrete 38.75 40.75 42.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
97 Mix97-39MPa-F1 GU 39MPa Normal strength concrete 39.00 41.00 43.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
98 Mix98-39.25MPa-F1 GU 39.3MPa Normal strength concrete 39.25 41.25 43.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
99 Mix99-39.5MPa-F1 GU 39.5MPa Normal strength concrete 39.50 41.50 43.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
100 Mix100-39.75MPa-F1 GU 39.8MPa Normal strength concrete 39.75 41.75 43.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
101 Mix101-40MPa-F1 GU 40MPa Normal strength concrete 40.00 42.00 44.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 7: Declared products with Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
102 Mix102-40.25MPa-F1 GU 40.3MPa Normal strength concrete 40.25 42.25 44.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
103 Mix103-40.5MPa-F1 GU 40.5MPa Normal strength concrete 40.50 42.50 44.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
104 Mix104-40.75MPa-F1 GU 40.8MPa Normal strength concrete 40.75 42.75 44.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
105 Mix105-41MPa-F1 GU 41MPa Normal strength concrete 41.00 43.00 45.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
106 Mix106-41.25MPa-F1 GU 41.3MPa Normal strength concrete 41.25 43.25 45.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
107 Mix107-41.5MPa-F1 GU 41.5MPa Normal strength concrete 41.50 43.50 45.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
108 Mix108-41.75MPa-F1 GU 41.8MPa Normal strength concrete 41.75 43.75 45.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
109 Mix109-42MPa-F1 GU 42MPa Normal strength concrete 42.00 44.00 46.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
110 Mix110-42.25MPa-F1 GU 42.3MPa Normal strength concrete 42.25 44.25 46.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
111 Mix111-42.5MPa-F1 GU 42.5MPa Normal strength concrete 42.50 44.50 46.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
112 Mix112-42.75MPa-F1 GU 42.8MPa Normal strength concrete 42.75 44.75 46.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
113 Mix113-43MPa-F1 GU 43MPa Normal strength concrete 43.00 45.00 47.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
114 Mix114-43.25MPa-F1 GU 43.3MPa Normal strength concrete 43.25 45.25 47.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
115 Mix115-43.5MPa-F1 GU 43.5MPa Normal strength concrete 43.50 45.50 47.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
116 Mix116-43.75MPa-F1 GU 43.8MPa Normal strength concrete 43.75 45.75 47.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
117 Mix117-44MPa-F1 GU 44MPa Normal strength concrete 44.00 46.00 48.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
118 Mix118-44.25MPa-F1 GU 44.3MPa Normal strength concrete 44.25 46.25 48.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
119 Mix119-44.5MPa-F1 GU 44.5MPa Normal strength concrete 44.50 46.50 48.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
120 Mix120-44.75MPa-F1 GU 44.8MPa Normal strength concrete 44.75 46.75 48.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
121 Mix121-45MPa-F1 GU 45MPa Normal strength concrete 45.00 47.00 49.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 8: Declared products with Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
122 Mix122-45.25MPa-F1 GU 45.3MPa Normal strength concrete 45.25 47.25 49.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
123 Mix123-45.5MPa-F1 GU 45.5MPa Normal strength concrete 45.50 47.50 49.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
124 Mix124-45.75MPa-F1 GU 45.8MPa Normal strength concrete 45.75 47.75 49.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
125 Mix125-46MPa-F1 GU 46MPa Normal strength concrete 46.00 48.00 50.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
126 Mix126-46.25MPa-F1 GU 46.3MPa Normal strength concrete 46.25 48.25 50.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
127 Mix127-46.5MPa-F1 GU 46.5MPa Normal strength concrete 46.50 48.50 50.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
128 Mix128-46.75MPa-F1 GU 46.8MPa Normal strength concrete 46.75 48.75 50.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
129 Mix129-47MPa-F1 GU 47MPa Normal strength concrete 47.00 49.00 51.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
130 Mix130-47.25MPa-F1 GU 47.3MPa Normal strength concrete 47.25 49.25 51.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
131 Mix131-47.5MPa-F1 GU 47.5MPa Normal strength concrete 47.50 49.50 51.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
132 Mix132-47.75MPa-F1 GU 47.8MPa Normal strength concrete 47.75 49.75 51.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
133 Mix133-48MPa-F1 GU 48MPa Normal strength concrete 48.00 50.00 52.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
134 Mix134-48.25MPa-F1 GU 48.3MPa Normal strength concrete 48.25 50.25 52.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
135 Mix135-48.5MPa-F1 GU 48.5MPa Normal strength concrete 48.50 50.50 52.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
136 Mix136-48.75MPa-F1 GU 48.8MPa Normal strength concrete 48.75 50.75 52.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
137 Mix137-49MPa-F1 GU 49MPa Normal strength concrete 49.00 51.00 53.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
138 Mix138-49.25MPa-F1 GU 49.3MPa Normal strength concrete 49.25 51.25 53.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
139 Mix139-49.5MPa-F1 GU 49.5MPa Normal strength concrete 49.50 51.50 53.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
140 Mix140-49.75MPa-F1 GU 49.8MPa Normal strength concrete 49.75 51.75 53.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
141 Mix141-50MPa-F1 GU 50MPa Normal strength concrete 50.00 52.00 54.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 9: Declared products with Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
142 Mix142-50.25MPa-F1 GU 50.3MPa Normal strength concrete 50.25 52.25 54.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
143 Mix143-50.5MPa-F1 GU 50.5MPa Normal strength concrete 50.50 52.50 54.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
144 Mix144-50.75MPa-F1 GU 50.8MPa Normal strength concrete 50.75 52.75 54.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
145 Mix145-51MPa-F1 GU 51MPa Normal strength concrete 51.00 53.00 55.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
146 Mix146-51.25MPa-F1 GU 51.3MPa Normal strength concrete 51.25 53.25 55.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
147 Mix147-51.5MPa-F1 GU 51.5MPa Normal strength concrete 51.50 53.50 55.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
148 Mix148-51.75MPa-F1 GU 51.8MPa Normal strength concrete 51.75 53.75 55.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
149 Mix149-52MPa-F1 GU 52MPa Normal strength concrete 52.00 54.00 56.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
150 Mix150-52.25MPa-F1 GU 52.3MPa Normal strength concrete 52.25 54.25 56.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
151 Mix151-52.5MPa-F1 GU 52.5MPa Normal strength concrete 52.50 54.50 56.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
152 Mix152-52.75MPa-F1 GU 52.8MPa Normal strength concrete 52.75 54.75 56.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
153 Mix153-53MPa-F1 GU 53MPa Normal strength concrete 53.00 55.00 57.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
154 Mix154-53.25MPa-F1 GU 53.3MPa Normal strength concrete 53.25 55.25 57.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
155 Mix155-53.5MPa-F1 GU 53.5MPa Normal strength concrete 53.50 55.50 57.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
156 Mix156-53.75MPa-F1 GU 53.8MPa Normal strength concrete 53.75 55.75 57.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
157 Mix157-54MPa-F1 GU 54MPa Normal strength concrete 54.00 56.00 58.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
158 Mix158-54.25MPa-F1 GU 54.3MPa Normal strength concrete 54.25 56.25 58.25 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
159 Mix159-54.5MPa-F1 GU 54.5MPa Normal strength concrete 54.50 56.50 58.50 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
160 Mix160-54.75MPa-F1 GU 54.8MPa Normal strength concrete 54.75 56.75 58.75 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
161 Mix161-55MPa-F1 GU 55MPa Normal strength concrete 55.00 57.00 59.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Ready Mix Concrete design composition

The following figures provide an approximate mass breakdown (kg per functional unit) of the material composition of each Ready Mix Concrete design considered. Please note that the presented breakdown has been randomly altered by +/-10%, and is therefore only an approximation; this manipulation is to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 1: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 2: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 3: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 4: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 5: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 6: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 7: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 8: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approximate to ensure confidentiality.

A1 raw material recycled content and material losses

The following table provides a list of the raw material inputs (module A1) across all products considered, their recyclability content and assumed material losses.

Table 10: Module A1 raw material inputs, the recyclability content and assumed material losses (dry basis)
product.name mix.category primary.content post.industrial.content post.consumer.content material.losses
xyz Admix Admixture 1 0 0 0.05
Gravel Coarse.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
Sand Fine.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
General use cement Cement 1 0 0 0.05
Tap water Water 1 0 0 0.05

System boundaries

The following figure depicts the cradle-to-gate system boundary considered in this study:

Figure 9: General life cycle phases for consideration in a construction works system. The red boundary line indicates the system scope considered in this LCA/EPD

This is a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle assessment and the following three life cycle stages are included in the study:

  • A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes) - Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials used in manufacturing the declared products in this LCA.
  • A2: Transportation - Transportation of A1 materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the manufacturing facility (i.e. A3).
  • A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy and other utility inputs used to store, move, and manufacturer the declared products and to operate the facility.

As according to the PCR, the following figure illustrates the general activities and input requirements for producing Ready Mix Concrete products and is not necessarily exhaustive.

Figure 10: General system inputs considered in the product system and categorized by modules A1 to A3

In addition, as according to the relevant PCR, the following requirements are excluded from this study:

  • Production, manufacture and construction of A3 building/capital goods and infrastructure;
  • Production and manufacture of steel production equipment, steel delivery vehicles, earthmoving equipment, and laboratory equipment;
  • Personnel-related activities (travel, furniture, office supplies);
  • Energy use related to company management and sales activities.

For this LCA the manufacturing plant, owned and operated by Ready Mix Inc., is located at their Lower Mainland in British Columbia, Canada. All operating data is formulated using the actual data from Ready Mix Inc.’s plant at the above location, including water, energy consumption and waste generation. All inputs for this system boundary are calculated for the plant.

This life cycle inventory was organized in a spreadsheet and was then input into an RStudio environment where pre-calculated LCIA results for relevant products/activies stemming from the ecoinvent v3.5 database and a local EPD database in combination with primary data from Ready Mix Inc. were utilzied. Explanations of the contribution of each data source to this study are outlined in the section ‘Data Sources and Quality’. Further LCI details for each declared product are provided in the sections ‘Detailed LCI tables’ and ‘Transport tables’ of the detailed LCA report. A parameter uncertainty analysis was also performed where key statistical results (e.g. min/mean/max etc.) are provided.

Cut-off criteria

ISO 14044:2006 and the focus PCR requires the LCA model to contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless otherwise noted above as follows. A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does not exceed 5%.

Data Sources and Data Quality Assessment

The following table summarizes the facility’s (i.e. A3) electricity consumption and generation (if applicable), process/space heating requirements, fuel inputs for on-site machinery, and waste generation.

Table 11: Inputs required by facility from 2019-01-01 to 2019-12-31 (364 days) to produce 12000 1 cubic meter of concrete
Activity Value Units
Electricity consumption and generation (if applicable)
Gross grid electricity: 20000 kWh
Process/space heating requirements
Process heat 20 GJ
Fuel requirements for machinery
Propane, heating mix 400 m3
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel 2000 L
Waste generation
Wash water 222 m3
Hazardous waste 3 kg
Non-hazardous waste 10000 kg
High-level radioactive waste 0 kg
Table 12: Recovered on-site energy resources either utilized on-site or off-site
Technology and fuel type Value Units Reovered on-site or off-site
Waste heat from … 300 GJ on-site
Table 13: Reused or recycled components/materials at the A3 facility site
Component/material for re-use/recycling Value Units Re-used/recycled on-site or off-site
Cardboard packaging 300 kg off-site

The following statements explain how the above facility requirements/generation were derived:

  • Electricity: Electricity generation and consumption values were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Process/space heating: Electricity heat requirements were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Fuel required for machinery:: Energy requirements for machinery were based on fuel purchase receipts.
  • Waste generation: Actual roadway distance to waste and sorting/recycling facilities were calculated via Google Maps. Empty returns were accounted for.
  • Recovered energy: Recovered energy (both on and off-site) was measured based on volume and energy estimates using various metering devices.
  • Recycled/reused material/components:: The above estimates were based on case-by-case basis depending on the material/component type.
  • Module A1 material losses: Facility-boundary material flow analysis techniques were utilized.

The following tables (i.e. modules A1 to A3) depict a list of assumed life cycle inventory utilized in the LCA modelling to generate the impact results. An assessment of the quality of each LCI activities utilized from various sources is also provided.

Table 14: LCI inputs assumed for module A1 (i.e. raw material supply)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement Production of cement, general use Portland limestone cement/CA-BC-Richmond/kilogram EPD: Lafarge Canada Inc British Columbia 2019 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Gravel Production of aggregates, TYPE L RIP RAP D/50=9/US-CO/kilogram EPD: Martin Marietta British Columbia 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Tap water market for tap water/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.5 British Columbia v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix Production of concrete admixture, set accelerator/RER/kilogram EPD: European Federation of Concrete Admixtures Associations Ltd.  Alberta 2015 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Sand Note 0 : Note 1 : gravel and sand quarry operation/RoW/kilogram NA ; ; ecoinvent v3.5 British Columbia v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 15: LCI inputs assumed for module A2 (i.e. transport of A1 inputs)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Gravel- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Sand- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 16: LCI inputs assumed for module A3 (i.e. manufacutring of mixes)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
Grid electricity market for electricity, medium voltage/CA-QC/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.5 CA-QC v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Hazardous waste treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel excavation, skid-steer loader/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Non-hazardous waste treatment of waste concrete, not reinforced, collection for final disposal/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Process heat heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RoW/megajoule ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Propane, heating mix propane, burned in building machine/GLO/megajoule ecoinvent v3.5 GLO v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Rooftop PV electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted/CA-ON/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.5 CA-ON v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Cardboard packaging transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Hazardous waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of High-level radioactive waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Non-hazardous waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Wash water transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Truck and fuel type transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Wash water market for wastewater from concrete production/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.5 RoW v3.5 in 2018 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Data Quality Assessment

Data quality/variability requirements, as specified in the PCR, are applied. This section describes the achieved data quality relative to the ISO 14044:2006 requirements. Data quality is judged based on its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied within a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

Precision: Through measurement and calculation, the manufacturers collected and provided primary data on their annual production. For accuracy, the LCA practitioner and 3rd Party Verifier validated the plant gate-to-gate data.

Completeness: All relevant specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs (emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled to represent the specified and declared products. The majority of relevant background materials and processes were taken from ecoinvent v3.5 LCI datasets where relatively recent Canadian-specific electricity inputs were utilized. The most relevant EPDs requaring key A1 inputs were also utilized where readily available.

Consistency: To ensure consistency, the same modeling structure across the respective product systems was utilized for all inputs, which consisted of raw material inputs and ancillary material, energy flows, water resource inputs, product and co-products outputs, returned and recovered Ready Mix Concrete materials, emissions to air, water and soil, and waste recycling and treatment. The same background LCI datasets from the ecoinvent v3.5 database were used across all product systems. Crosschecks concerning the plausibility of mass and energy flows were continuously conducted. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the plant and selected process level to maintain a high level of consistency.

Reproducibility: Internal reproducibility is possible since the data and the models are stored and available in a machine readable project file for all foreground and background processes, and in P3 Optima’s proprietary Ready Mix Concrete LCA calculator* for all production facility and product-specific calculations. A considerable level of transparency is provided throughout the detailed LCA report as the specifications and material quantity make-up for the declared products are presented and key primary and secondary LCI data sources are summarized. The provision of more detailed publicly accessible data to allow full external reproducibility was not possible due to reasons of confidentiality.

*P3 Optima has developed a proprietary tool that allows the calculation of PCR-compliant LCA results for Ready Mix Concrete product designs. The tool auto-calculates results by scaling base-unit technosphere inputs (i.e. 1 kg sand, 1 kWh electricity, etc.) to replicate the reference flow conversions that take place in any typical LCA software like openLCA or SimaPro. The tool was tested against several LCAs performed in openLCA and the tool generated identical results to those realized in openLCA across every impact category and inventory metric (where comparisons could be readily made).

Representativeness: The representativeness of the data is summarized as follows.

  • Time related coverage of the manufacturing processes’ primary collected data from 2019-01-01 to 2019-12-31.
  • Upstream (background) LCI data was either the PCR specified default or more appropriate LCI datasets as found in the Canadian-adjusted ecoinvent v3.5 database.
  • Geographical coverage for inputs required by the A3 facility(ies) is representative of its region of focus; other upstream and background processes are based on US, North American, or global average data and adjusted to regional electricity mixes when relevant.
  • Technological coverage is typical or average and specific to the participating facilities for all primary data.

Environmental Indicators and Inventory Metrics

Per the PCR, this EPD supports the life cycle impact assessment indicators and inventory metrics as listed in the tables below. As specified in the PCR, the most recent US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), impact categories were utilized as they provide a North American context for the mandatory category indicators to be included in the EPD. Additionally, the PCR requires a set of inventory metrics to be reported with the LCIA indicators (see tables below).

Table 17: Life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
ID LCIA.indicators Abbreviations Units
1 environmental impact: acidification AP moles of H+-Eq
2 environmental impact: eutrophication EP kg N
3 environmental impact: global warming GWP kg CO2-Eq
4 environmental impact: ozone depletion ODP kg CFC-11-Eq
5 environmental impact: photochemical oxidation PCOP kg NOx-Eq
6 Abiotic Depletion-elements ADPe kg Sbeq
7 Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels ADPf kg Sbeq
Inventory metrics
8 Total primary energy TPE MJ-Eq
9 Non-Renewable Resources NRR kg
10 Renewable energy RE MJ-Eq
11 land filling: bulk waste LFW kg waste
12 land filling: hazardous waste LFHW kg waste
13 water depletion: WDP WDP m3
14 Concrete batching water consumption CBWC m3
15 Concrete washing water consumption CWWC m3
16 Concrete hazardous waste CHW kg
17 Concrete non-hazardous waste CNHW kg

A summary description of each of the impact categories and inventory metrics is provided in the following table:

Table 18: Definitions of life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
Midpoint impact categories
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (units: kg CO2-eq) Global Warming Potential or climate change can be defined as the change in global temperature caused by the greenhouse effect that the release of greenhouse gases by human activity creates. The Environmental Profiles characterization model is based on factors developed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Factors are expressed as Global Warming Potential over the time horizon of different years, being the most common 100 years (GWP100), measured in the reference unit, kg CO2 equivalent.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) (kg CFC-11-eq) Ozone-depleting gases cause damage to stratospheric ozone or the ozone layer. CFCs, halons and HCFCs are the major causes of ozone depletion. The characterization model has been developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and defines the ozone depletion potential of different gases relative to the reference substance chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), expressed in kg CFC-11 equivalent.
Acidification Potential (AP) (kg SO2-eq) Acidic gases such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) react with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain, a process known as acid deposition. Acidification potential is expressed using the reference unit, kg SO2 equivalent. The model does not take account of regional differences in terms of which areas are more or less susceptible to acidification. It accounts only for acidification caused by SO2 and NOx. This includes acidification due to fertilizer use, according to the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). CML has based the characterization factor on the RAINS model developed by the University of Amsterdam.
Eutrophication Potential (EP) (PO4 3- -eq) Eutrophication is the build-up of a concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem which leads to abnormal productivity. This causes excessive plant growth like algae in rivers which causes severe reductions in water quality and animal populations. This category is based on the work of Heijungs, and is expressed using the reference unit, kg PO4 3- equivalents. Direct and indirect impacts of fertilizers are included in the method. The direct impacts are from production of the fertilizers and the indirect ones are calculated using the IPCC method to estimate emissions to water causing eutrophication.
Photochemical Ozone Creation/Smog Potential (POCP) (kg O3-eq) Ozone is protective in the stratosphere, but on the ground-level, it is toxic to humans in high concentration. Photochemical ozone, also called ground-level ozone, is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and sunlight. The impact category depends largely on the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonium and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). Photochemical ozone creation potential (also known as summer smog) for emission of substances to air is calculated with the United Nations Economic Commission for 22 Europe (UNECE) trajectory model (including fate) and expressed using the reference unit, kg ethylene (C2H4) equivalent.
Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADPel and ADPff) (kg Sb-eq) The main concern of this category is the health of humans and the ecosystem and how it is affected by the extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, which are inputs into the system. For each extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, the abiotic depletion factor is determined. This indicator is on a global scale and is based on the concentration reserves and rate of deaccumulation. The results are presented in units of the reference element strontium (i.e. Sb). For the purposes of this EPD, this impact category is split between mineral elements (i.e. ADPel) and fossil fuels (i.e. ADPff).
Inventory metrics
Depletion of non-renewable material resources (NRM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable resources that are extracted from the ground but not including energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas. This indicator includes the consumption of metallic ores, aggregates and other minerals. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable material resources (RM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of renewable resources that are extracted from nature like sustainably harvested biomass. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Depletion of non-renewable energy resources (NRE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable energy resources like oil, natural gas, and coal. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable primary energy (RE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle extraction of renewable energy resources from nature like solar and wind energy as well as biomass for energy purposes. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Total primary energy consumption (PEC) (MJ HHV) This indicator is the summatation of non-renewable and renewable energy extracted from nature, where the units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted/utilized/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Concrete batching water consumption (CBWC) (m3) This indicator is defined as the direct water used in concrete mix batches. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete washing water consumption (CWWC) (m3) This inidcator is defined as the direct washing water used at the facility. The units of measure are in cubic meters of wash water consumed.
Total water consumption (TWC) (m3) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of water required to produced the declared functional unit of a given product. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete hazardous waste (CHW) (kg) This indicator considers the amount of hazardous waste waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.
Concrete non-hazardous waste (CNHW) (kg) This indicator considers the direct amount of non-hazardous waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.

It should be noted that emerging LCA impact categories and inventory items are still under development and can have high levels of uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting data in any of the following categories.

  • Renewable primary energy resources as energy (fuel);
  • Renewable primary resources as material;
  • Non-renewable primary resources as energy (fuel);
  • Non-renewable primary resources as material;
  • Secondary Materials;
  • Renewable secondary fuels;
  • Non-renewable secondary fuels;
  • Recovered energy;
  • Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral resources.
  • Land use related impacts, for example on biodiversity and/or soil fertility;
  • Toxicological aspects;
  • Emissions from land use change [GWP 100 (land-use change)];
  • Hazardous waste disposed;
  • Non-hazardous waste disposed;
  • High-level radioactive waste;
  • Intermediate and low-level radioactive waste;
  • Components for reuse;
  • Materials for recycling;
  • Materials for energy recovery;
  • Recovered energy exported from the product system.

Total impact summary

The following table reports the total LCA results for each product produced at the given Ready Mix Concrete facility on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis. This EPD was created using industry-average data for upstream materials.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 19: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 3.51 0.067 140 8.53e-06 0.467 0.168 0.459 8.2 0.0171 1290 131 1160 472 1760 0.00114 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 3.95 0.0728 152 9.3e-06 0.507 0.201 0.53 9.32 0.0187 1520 141 1380 514 1990 0.0013 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 3.75 0.0699 146 8.94e-06 0.489 0.18 0.485 8.75 0.0179 1370 136 1230 494 1900 0.00121 63.4 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 3.75 0.0703 147 8.96e-06 0.49 0.178 0.482 8.78 0.0179 1350 137 1210 495 1910 0.0012 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix1-15MPa-F1 3.85 0.0681 143 8.74e-06 0.484 0.198 0.521 9.14 0.0171 1490 135 1360 484 1940 0.00128 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix2-15.25MPa-F1 3.83 0.068 142 8.76e-06 0.479 0.188 0.493 9.06 0.0171 1410 133 1270 478 1960 0.00123 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix3-15.5MPa-F1 3.75 0.0676 141 8.74e-06 0.472 0.176 0.463 8.83 0.0172 1320 131 1190 472 1940 0.00117 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix4-15.75MPa-F1 3.51 0.067 140 8.53e-06 0.467 0.168 0.459 8.2 0.0172 1290 131 1160 474 1760 0.00114 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix5-16MPa-F1 3.78 0.0686 144 8.8e-06 0.483 0.186 0.496 8.9 0.0174 1410 135 1270 485 1910 0.00123 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix6-16.25MPa-F1 3.95 0.0698 147 8.96e-06 0.495 0.201 0.53 9.32 0.0175 1520 138 1380 496 1990 0.0013 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix7-16.5MPa-F1 3.83 0.069 144 8.92e-06 0.481 0.179 0.47 8.99 0.0175 1340 134 1200 481 1980 0.00118 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix8-16.75MPa-F1 3.58 0.0684 143 8.71e-06 0.477 0.171 0.466 8.37 0.0176 1310 133 1180 484 1810 0.00116 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix9-17MPa-F1 3.72 0.0695 146 8.84e-06 0.489 0.184 0.5 8.7 0.0177 1410 136 1280 495 1860 0.00123 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix10-17.25MPa-F1 3.64 0.0692 145 8.83e-06 0.482 0.173 0.47 8.51 0.0178 1330 135 1190 488 1850 0.00117 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix11-17.5MPa-F1 3.86 0.0703 148 9e-06 0.495 0.188 0.505 8.95 0.0179 1430 138 1290 499 1920 0.00125 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix12-17.75MPa-F1 3.75 0.0703 147 9.02e-06 0.49 0.178 0.476 8.86 0.018 1350 136 1210 493 1950 0.00119 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix13-18MPa-F1 3.69 0.0703 147 8.98e-06 0.49 0.176 0.476 8.67 0.018 1340 137 1200 495 1890 0.00119 59.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix14-18.25MPa-F1 3.71 0.0703 147 8.96e-06 0.49 0.173 0.476 8.53 0.0181 1340 137 1200 498 1850 0.00118 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix15-18.5MPa-F1 3.68 0.0708 148 9.02e-06 0.493 0.175 0.479 8.61 0.0182 1350 138 1210 500 1870 0.00119 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix16-18.75MPa-F1 3.72 0.0712 149 9.08e-06 0.496 0.176 0.481 8.68 0.0183 1350 138 1210 502 1890 0.0012 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix17-19MPa-F1 3.77 0.0716 150 9.15e-06 0.498 0.178 0.483 8.78 0.0184 1360 139 1220 505 1920 0.00121 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix18-19.25MPa-F1 3.83 0.0719 151 9.21e-06 0.501 0.179 0.485 8.85 0.0185 1370 140 1220 507 1930 0.00121 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix19-19.5MPa-F1 3.65 0.0715 150 9.06e-06 0.498 0.173 0.482 8.39 0.0185 1350 139 1210 509 1800 0.00119 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix20-19.75MPa-F1 3.76 0.0722 151 9.2e-06 0.503 0.176 0.486 8.66 0.0186 1360 140 1220 512 1880 0.00121 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix21-20MPa-F1 3.81 0.0728 152 9.3e-06 0.507 0.179 0.489 8.85 0.0187 1380 141 1230 514 1930 0.00122 59.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 20: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 3.65 0.0729 153 9.21e-06 0.507 0.173 0.489 8.38 0.0188 1360 142 1220 516 1800 0.00121 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 3.97 0.0789 165 9.96e-06 0.547 0.185 0.52 9.18 0.0205 1450 153 1290 560 2020 0.00129 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 3.8 0.0756 159 9.56e-06 0.525 0.179 0.503 8.7 0.0196 1400 147 1250 538 1890 0.00124 62.4 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 3.8 0.0758 159 9.59e-06 0.526 0.178 0.504 8.65 0.0196 1400 147 1260 538 1860 0.00125 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix22-20.25MPa-F1 3.79 0.0729 153 9.28e-06 0.507 0.178 0.49 8.72 0.0188 1370 142 1230 516 1900 0.00122 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix23-20.5MPa-F1 3.67 0.0729 153 9.21e-06 0.507 0.175 0.489 8.47 0.0189 1360 142 1220 518 1830 0.00121 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix24-20.75MPa-F1 3.65 0.073 153 9.21e-06 0.508 0.173 0.489 8.38 0.019 1360 142 1220 521 1800 0.00121 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix25-21MPa-F1 3.85 0.0739 155 9.42e-06 0.514 0.18 0.495 8.84 0.0191 1390 143 1240 523 1930 0.00123 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix26-21.25MPa-F1 3.73 0.0739 155 9.34e-06 0.513 0.176 0.494 8.56 0.0192 1380 144 1230 525 1850 0.00122 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix27-21.5MPa-F1 3.73 0.0739 155 9.34e-06 0.514 0.175 0.494 8.47 0.0192 1370 144 1230 528 1820 0.00122 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix28-21.75MPa-F1 3.94 0.0752 157 9.6e-06 0.522 0.183 0.501 9.08 0.0194 1410 145 1260 530 1990 0.00125 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix29-22MPa-F1 3.84 0.075 157 9.52e-06 0.521 0.18 0.5 8.78 0.0194 1400 146 1250 532 1910 0.00124 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix30-22.25MPa-F1 3.97 0.0759 159 9.7e-06 0.527 0.185 0.505 9.18 0.0195 1420 147 1270 535 2020 0.00126 59.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix31-22.5MPa-F1 3.81 0.0753 158 9.53e-06 0.524 0.178 0.502 8.64 0.0196 1400 146 1250 537 1860 0.00124 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix32-22.75MPa-F1 3.73 0.0756 159 9.53e-06 0.525 0.177 0.503 8.56 0.0197 1400 147 1250 539 1850 0.00124 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix33-23MPa-F1 3.77 0.076 159 9.59e-06 0.528 0.179 0.505 8.66 0.0198 1400 148 1260 542 1870 0.00125 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix34-23.25MPa-F1 3.85 0.0765 160 9.69e-06 0.531 0.181 0.508 8.82 0.0199 1410 148 1270 544 1920 0.00126 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix35-23.5MPa-F1 3.84 0.0771 161 9.76e-06 0.535 0.184 0.511 8.96 0.02 1430 149 1280 546 1960 0.00127 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix36-23.75MPa-F1 3.77 0.0767 161 9.65e-06 0.533 0.178 0.508 8.56 0.02 1410 149 1260 548 1840 0.00125 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix37-24MPa-F1 3.8 0.0769 162 9.67e-06 0.534 0.177 0.51 8.53 0.0201 1410 150 1260 551 1830 0.00125 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix38-24.25MPa-F1 3.69 0.0771 162 9.65e-06 0.535 0.176 0.51 8.41 0.0202 1410 150 1260 553 1800 0.00125 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix39-24.5MPa-F1 3.86 0.0782 164 9.88e-06 0.543 0.184 0.516 8.94 0.0203 1440 151 1280 555 1960 0.00128 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix40-24.75MPa-F1 3.73 0.0777 163 9.72e-06 0.539 0.177 0.513 8.43 0.0204 1410 151 1260 558 1800 0.00126 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix41-25MPa-F1 3.91 0.0789 165 9.96e-06 0.547 0.185 0.52 9 0.0205 1450 153 1290 560 1970 0.00129 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 21: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 3.76 0.0785 165 9.84e-06 0.544 0.179 0.517 8.47 0.0206 1430 152 1270 562 1810 0.00127 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 4.1 0.085 178 1.07e-05 0.588 0.191 0.551 9.24 0.0222 1520 164 1350 606 2030 0.00136 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 3.91 0.0817 171 1.02e-05 0.566 0.185 0.534 8.87 0.0214 1470 158 1310 584 1920 0.00131 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 3.9 0.0818 172 1.02e-05 0.566 0.185 0.534 8.88 0.0214 1480 158 1320 584 1920 0.00132 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix42-25.25MPa-F1 3.79 0.0785 165 9.84e-06 0.544 0.179 0.517 8.57 0.0206 1430 152 1270 562 1840 0.00127 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix43-25.5MPa-F1 3.88 0.0795 166 1e-05 0.551 0.185 0.523 8.99 0.0207 1450 154 1300 565 1970 0.00129 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix44-25.75MPa-F1 3.92 0.0795 167 1e-05 0.551 0.183 0.523 8.87 0.0207 1450 154 1290 567 1920 0.00129 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix45-26MPa-F1 3.76 0.0792 167 9.9e-06 0.549 0.179 0.521 8.48 0.0208 1430 154 1280 569 1820 0.00128 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix46-26.25MPa-F1 3.88 0.0803 168 1.01e-05 0.556 0.186 0.527 8.96 0.0209 1460 155 1300 572 1960 0.0013 59.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix47-26.5MPa-F1 3.8 0.0799 168 9.99e-06 0.554 0.18 0.525 8.57 0.021 1440 155 1290 574 1840 0.00129 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix48-26.75MPa-F1 4.01 0.0812 170 1.03e-05 0.562 0.189 0.532 9.21 0.0211 1480 157 1320 576 2020 0.00132 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix49-27MPa-F1 3.87 0.0809 170 1.01e-05 0.561 0.184 0.53 8.82 0.0212 1460 157 1300 579 1910 0.0013 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix50-27.25MPa-F1 3.76 0.0807 170 1e-05 0.559 0.179 0.528 8.47 0.0213 1450 157 1290 581 1810 0.00129 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix51-27.5MPa-F1 3.9 0.0816 171 1.02e-05 0.565 0.185 0.533 8.88 0.0214 1470 158 1310 583 1930 0.00131 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix52-27.75MPa-F1 3.98 0.0821 172 1.03e-05 0.568 0.187 0.536 9.04 0.0214 1480 159 1320 585 1970 0.00132 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix53-28MPa-F1 3.85 0.082 172 1.02e-05 0.567 0.184 0.535 8.73 0.0215 1470 159 1310 588 1890 0.00131 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix54-28.25MPa-F1 3.93 0.0827 173 1.04e-05 0.572 0.187 0.539 8.99 0.0216 1490 160 1330 590 1960 0.00133 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix55-28.5MPa-F1 3.92 0.0826 174 1.03e-05 0.572 0.185 0.539 8.83 0.0217 1480 160 1320 592 1910 0.00132 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix56-28.75MPa-F1 4.05 0.0835 175 1.05e-05 0.578 0.191 0.544 9.22 0.0218 1500 161 1340 595 2030 0.00134 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix57-29MPa-F1 3.85 0.083 174 1.03e-05 0.574 0.183 0.54 8.65 0.0219 1480 161 1320 597 1860 0.00132 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix58-29.25MPa-F1 3.99 0.0837 176 1.05e-05 0.579 0.188 0.544 8.99 0.022 1500 162 1340 599 1960 0.00134 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix59-29.5MPa-F1 4.01 0.0839 176 1.05e-05 0.581 0.187 0.546 8.97 0.0221 1500 162 1340 602 1940 0.00134 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix60-29.75MPa-F1 3.91 0.0841 177 1.05e-05 0.582 0.186 0.546 8.83 0.0221 1500 163 1330 604 1910 0.00134 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix61-30MPa-F1 4.1 0.085 178 1.07e-05 0.588 0.191 0.551 9.24 0.0222 1520 164 1350 606 2020 0.00136 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 22: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 3.86 0.0844 177 1.05e-05 0.584 0.184 0.547 8.63 0.0223 1490 163 1330 609 1850 0.00133 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 4.2 0.0907 191 1.13e-05 0.626 0.197 0.58 9.46 0.024 1590 175 1410 653 2080 0.00143 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 4.03 0.0878 184 1.09e-05 0.606 0.191 0.565 9.05 0.0231 1540 169 1370 631 1970 0.00138 62.4 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 4.01 0.0879 184 1.1e-05 0.607 0.191 0.565 9.04 0.0231 1540 170 1380 630 1970 0.00138 62.5 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix62-30.25MPa-F1 3.86 0.0844 177 1.05e-05 0.584 0.184 0.547 8.63 0.0223 1490 163 1330 609 1850 0.00133 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix63-30.5MPa-F1 4.01 0.0855 179 1.07e-05 0.591 0.191 0.553 9.13 0.0224 1520 165 1360 611 2000 0.00136 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix64-30.75MPa-F1 3.89 0.0849 179 1.05e-05 0.587 0.184 0.55 8.64 0.0225 1500 164 1330 613 1850 0.00134 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix65-31MPa-F1 4 0.0856 180 1.07e-05 0.592 0.188 0.554 8.9 0.0226 1520 165 1350 616 1920 0.00136 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix66-31.25MPa-F1 3.99 0.0862 181 1.07e-05 0.596 0.19 0.557 9.03 0.0227 1530 166 1360 618 1970 0.00137 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix67-31.5MPa-F1 3.99 0.0865 181 1.08e-05 0.598 0.19 0.558 9.05 0.0227 1530 167 1360 620 1970 0.00137 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix68-31.75MPa-F1 4.07 0.0871 183 1.09e-05 0.602 0.194 0.562 9.28 0.0228 1540 168 1380 622 2030 0.00138 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix69-32MPa-F1 3.94 0.0866 182 1.07e-05 0.599 0.187 0.559 8.79 0.0229 1520 168 1350 625 1890 0.00136 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix70-32.25MPa-F1 3.88 0.0868 183 1.07e-05 0.6 0.186 0.559 8.7 0.023 1520 168 1350 627 1870 0.00136 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix71-32.5MPa-F1 4.12 0.0878 184 1.1e-05 0.607 0.193 0.565 9.21 0.0231 1550 169 1380 629 2010 0.00139 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix72-32.75MPa-F1 4.02 0.0879 185 1.09e-05 0.607 0.191 0.565 9.02 0.0232 1540 170 1370 632 1960 0.00138 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix73-33MPa-F1 4.2 0.0888 186 1.11e-05 0.613 0.197 0.57 9.46 0.0233 1570 171 1400 634 2080 0.00141 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix74-33.25MPa-F1 3.98 0.0883 186 1.1e-05 0.61 0.19 0.567 8.94 0.0234 1550 171 1370 636 1940 0.00139 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix75-33.5MPa-F1 4.01 0.0888 186 1.1e-05 0.613 0.191 0.57 9.02 0.0234 1550 171 1380 639 1960 0.00139 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix76-33.75MPa-F1 4.06 0.0893 187 1.11e-05 0.616 0.194 0.573 9.19 0.0235 1570 172 1390 641 2010 0.0014 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix77-34MPa-F1 4.11 0.0897 188 1.12e-05 0.619 0.195 0.575 9.27 0.0236 1570 173 1400 643 2030 0.00141 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix78-34.25MPa-F1 3.99 0.0891 188 1.1e-05 0.616 0.188 0.571 8.76 0.0237 1550 172 1380 646 1880 0.00139 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix79-34.5MPa-F1 4.2 0.0904 190 1.13e-05 0.624 0.197 0.578 9.4 0.0238 1580 174 1410 648 2060 0.00142 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix80-34.75MPa-F1 4.19 0.0907 190 1.13e-05 0.626 0.197 0.58 9.41 0.0239 1590 175 1410 650 2060 0.00143 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix81-35MPa-F1 4.15 0.0907 191 1.13e-05 0.626 0.195 0.58 9.24 0.024 1580 175 1410 653 2010 0.00142 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 23: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 3.91 0.0902 190 1.11e-05 0.623 0.188 0.577 8.67 0.024 1560 174 1380 655 1850 0.0014 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 4.26 0.0964 203 1.19e-05 0.664 0.2 0.608 9.49 0.0257 1640 186 1450 699 2080 0.00148 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 4.11 0.0936 197 1.16e-05 0.645 0.195 0.594 9.11 0.0249 1610 180 1430 677 1970 0.00145 62.4 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 4.12 0.0938 198 1.16e-05 0.647 0.196 0.595 9.12 0.0248 1620 180 1430 677 1980 0.00145 62.5 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix82-35.25MPa-F1 3.91 0.0902 190 1.11e-05 0.623 0.188 0.577 8.67 0.024 1560 174 1380 655 1850 0.0014 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix83-35.5MPa-F1 4.13 0.0913 192 1.13e-05 0.63 0.195 0.583 9.23 0.0241 1590 176 1410 657 2010 0.00143 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix84-35.75MPa-F1 4.01 0.0911 192 1.12e-05 0.628 0.191 0.581 8.85 0.0242 1570 176 1400 659 1900 0.00141 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix85-36MPa-F1 4.19 0.0921 193 1.14e-05 0.635 0.197 0.587 9.34 0.0243 1600 177 1420 662 2040 0.00144 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix86-36.25MPa-F1 4.2 0.0923 194 1.15e-05 0.637 0.197 0.588 9.32 0.0244 1600 178 1420 664 2030 0.00144 59.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix87-36.5MPa-F1 4.23 0.0928 195 1.15e-05 0.64 0.199 0.591 9.45 0.0245 1610 178 1430 666 2070 0.00145 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix88-36.75MPa-F1 4.05 0.0922 194 1.14e-05 0.636 0.191 0.587 8.88 0.0246 1590 178 1410 669 1900 0.00142 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix89-37MPa-F1 4.26 0.0934 196 1.16e-05 0.644 0.2 0.594 9.49 0.0247 1620 180 1440 671 2080 0.00146 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix90-37.25MPa-F1 3.95 0.0927 195 1.14e-05 0.639 0.19 0.589 8.74 0.0247 1590 179 1410 673 1870 0.00142 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix91-37.5MPa-F1 4.11 0.0936 197 1.16e-05 0.645 0.196 0.594 9.18 0.0248 1610 180 1430 676 2000 0.00145 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix92-37.75MPa-F1 4.22 0.0941 198 1.17e-05 0.649 0.199 0.597 9.38 0.0249 1620 181 1440 678 2050 0.00146 59.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix93-38MPa-F1 4.09 0.0941 198 1.16e-05 0.649 0.196 0.597 9.12 0.025 1620 181 1430 680 1980 0.00145 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix94-38.25MPa-F1 4.22 0.0947 199 1.17e-05 0.652 0.199 0.6 9.34 0.0251 1630 182 1440 683 2030 0.00146 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix95-38.5MPa-F1 4.09 0.0943 199 1.16e-05 0.65 0.193 0.598 8.92 0.0252 1610 182 1430 685 1910 0.00145 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix96-38.75MPa-F1 4.09 0.0948 199 1.17e-05 0.653 0.195 0.6 9.01 0.0253 1620 183 1430 687 1950 0.00146 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix97-39MPa-F1 4.12 0.0951 200 1.17e-05 0.655 0.196 0.602 9.05 0.0254 1620 183 1440 690 1960 0.00146 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix98-39.25MPa-F1 4.22 0.0957 201 1.18e-05 0.659 0.199 0.605 9.28 0.0255 1640 184 1450 692 2010 0.00147 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix99-39.5MPa-F1 4.08 0.0957 201 1.18e-05 0.659 0.196 0.605 9.02 0.0255 1630 184 1440 694 1950 0.00147 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix100-39.75MPa-F1 3.99 0.0956 201 1.17e-05 0.658 0.192 0.604 8.75 0.0256 1620 184 1430 696 1870 0.00146 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix101-40MPa-F1 4.12 0.0964 203 1.19e-05 0.664 0.198 0.608 9.13 0.0257 1640 186 1450 699 1980 0.00148 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 24: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.09 0.0966 204 1.18e-05 0.665 0.195 0.609 8.87 0.0258 1640 186 1450 701 1890 0.00147 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 4.34 0.102 215 1.25e-05 0.701 0.206 0.637 9.62 0.0274 1700 196 1510 745 2110 0.00154 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 4.21 0.0995 210 1.22e-05 0.685 0.2 0.624 9.18 0.0266 1680 191 1480 723 1980 0.00151 63.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 4.22 0.0999 210 1.22e-05 0.688 0.2 0.626 9.21 0.0266 1680 192 1490 723 1980 0.00152 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix102-40.25MPa-F1 4.23 0.0973 204 1.2e-05 0.67 0.202 0.613 9.47 0.0258 1660 187 1470 701 2080 0.0015 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix103-40.5MPa-F1 4.1 0.0966 204 1.18e-05 0.665 0.195 0.609 8.92 0.0259 1640 186 1450 703 1910 0.00147 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix104-40.75MPa-F1 4.1 0.0969 204 1.19e-05 0.667 0.195 0.611 8.92 0.026 1640 187 1450 706 1910 0.00147 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix105-41MPa-F1 4.12 0.0972 205 1.19e-05 0.669 0.195 0.612 8.92 0.0261 1640 187 1450 708 1910 0.00148 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix106-41.25MPa-F1 4.32 0.0985 207 1.22e-05 0.678 0.204 0.619 9.55 0.0262 1680 189 1490 710 2090 0.00151 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix107-41.5MPa-F1 4.12 0.0977 206 1.2e-05 0.673 0.195 0.615 8.91 0.0262 1650 189 1460 713 1900 0.00148 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix108-41.75MPa-F1 4.29 0.0988 208 1.22e-05 0.68 0.202 0.621 9.41 0.0263 1680 190 1480 715 2050 0.00151 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix109-42MPa-F1 4.22 0.0987 208 1.21e-05 0.68 0.199 0.62 9.18 0.0264 1670 190 1480 717 1980 0.0015 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix110-42.25MPa-F1 4.25 0.0991 209 1.22e-05 0.682 0.2 0.622 9.25 0.0265 1670 191 1480 720 2000 0.00151 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix111-42.5MPa-F1 4.34 0.1 210 1.23e-05 0.688 0.206 0.627 9.62 0.0266 1700 192 1500 722 2110 0.00153 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix112-42.75MPa-F1 4.23 0.0998 210 1.22e-05 0.687 0.201 0.626 9.28 0.0267 1680 192 1490 724 2010 0.00152 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix113-43MPa-F1 4.26 0.1 211 1.23e-05 0.688 0.201 0.627 9.28 0.0268 1680 192 1490 727 2010 0.00152 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix114-43.25MPa-F1 4.12 0.1 211 1.22e-05 0.688 0.198 0.626 8.99 0.0268 1670 193 1480 729 1930 0.00151 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix115-43.5MPa-F1 4.29 0.101 212 1.24e-05 0.693 0.203 0.63 9.34 0.0269 1690 194 1500 731 2030 0.00153 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix116-43.75MPa-F1 4.26 0.101 213 1.24e-05 0.695 0.203 0.632 9.33 0.027 1700 194 1500 733 2030 0.00153 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix117-44MPa-F1 4.15 0.101 212 1.23e-05 0.694 0.199 0.631 9.01 0.0271 1680 194 1490 736 1930 0.00152 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix118-44.25MPa-F1 4.21 0.101 213 1.24e-05 0.696 0.199 0.632 9.05 0.0272 1690 195 1490 738 1940 0.00152 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix119-44.5MPa-F1 4.19 0.102 214 1.24e-05 0.698 0.2 0.634 9.11 0.0273 1700 195 1500 740 1960 0.00153 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix120-44.75MPa-F1 4.28 0.102 215 1.25e-05 0.701 0.202 0.637 9.24 0.0274 1700 196 1510 743 1990 0.00154 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix121-45MPa-F1 4.09 0.102 215 1.24e-05 0.7 0.198 0.635 8.87 0.0274 1690 196 1490 745 1890 0.00152 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 25: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.19 0.103 216 1.25e-05 0.705 0.202 0.639 9.06 0.0275 1710 197 1510 747 1940 0.00154 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 4.39 0.108 228 1.32e-05 0.743 0.209 0.668 9.59 0.0292 1780 208 1570 791 2100 0.00161 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 4.3 0.106 222 1.29e-05 0.725 0.205 0.654 9.32 0.0284 1750 203 1540 769 2010 0.00158 64.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 4.3 0.105 222 1.28e-05 0.723 0.205 0.653 9.34 0.0284 1750 202 1540 769 2020 0.00158 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix122-45.25MPa-F1 4.19 0.103 216 1.25e-05 0.705 0.202 0.639 9.18 0.0275 1710 197 1510 747 1980 0.00154 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix123-45.5MPa-F1 4.3 0.103 217 1.26e-05 0.708 0.204 0.642 9.34 0.0276 1720 198 1520 750 2020 0.00155 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix124-45.75MPa-F1 4.29 0.103 218 1.27e-05 0.711 0.205 0.644 9.39 0.0277 1730 199 1530 752 2040 0.00156 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix125-46MPa-F1 4.33 0.104 218 1.27e-05 0.714 0.206 0.646 9.46 0.0278 1730 199 1530 754 2060 0.00156 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix126-46.25MPa-F1 4.2 0.104 218 1.26e-05 0.712 0.202 0.645 9.14 0.0279 1720 199 1520 757 1970 0.00155 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix127-46.5MPa-F1 4.34 0.105 220 1.28e-05 0.719 0.209 0.65 9.59 0.028 1750 201 1540 759 2100 0.00158 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix128-46.75MPa-F1 4.31 0.104 220 1.27e-05 0.717 0.204 0.648 9.25 0.0281 1730 201 1530 761 1990 0.00156 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix129-47MPa-F1 4.36 0.105 221 1.29e-05 0.722 0.208 0.653 9.57 0.0282 1750 202 1550 764 2090 0.00158 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix130-47.25MPa-F1 4.3 0.105 221 1.28e-05 0.723 0.206 0.653 9.39 0.0282 1740 202 1540 766 2040 0.00158 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix131-47.5MPa-F1 4.23 0.105 222 1.28e-05 0.723 0.204 0.653 9.2 0.0283 1740 202 1530 768 1980 0.00157 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix132-47.75MPa-F1 4.24 0.105 222 1.28e-05 0.723 0.202 0.653 9.08 0.0284 1730 203 1530 770 1950 0.00157 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix133-48MPa-F1 4.34 0.106 223 1.29e-05 0.727 0.205 0.656 9.31 0.0285 1750 203 1540 773 2010 0.00158 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix134-48.25MPa-F1 4.36 0.107 224 1.3e-05 0.732 0.209 0.66 9.55 0.0286 1770 204 1560 775 2080 0.0016 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix135-48.5MPa-F1 4.36 0.107 224 1.3e-05 0.732 0.206 0.66 9.35 0.0287 1760 205 1550 777 2020 0.00159 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix136-48.75MPa-F1 4.21 0.106 224 1.29e-05 0.731 0.203 0.659 9.06 0.0288 1750 205 1540 780 1940 0.00158 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix137-49MPa-F1 4.26 0.107 225 1.3e-05 0.733 0.204 0.661 9.12 0.0288 1750 205 1550 782 1960 0.00158 66.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix138-49.25MPa-F1 4.31 0.108 226 1.31e-05 0.738 0.207 0.664 9.35 0.0289 1770 206 1560 784 2020 0.0016 58.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix139-49.5MPa-F1 4.38 0.108 227 1.32e-05 0.741 0.209 0.667 9.49 0.029 1780 207 1570 787 2060 0.00161 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix140-49.75MPa-F1 4.29 0.108 227 1.31e-05 0.739 0.204 0.665 9.14 0.0291 1760 207 1550 789 1960 0.00159 64 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix141-50MPa-F1 4.39 0.108 228 1.32e-05 0.743 0.207 0.668 9.36 0.0292 1780 208 1570 791 2020 0.00161 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 26: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per 1 cubic meter of concrete basis
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.26 0.109 229 1.31e-05 0.745 0.204 0.669 9.09 0.0293 1770 209 1560 794 1940 0.0016 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Maximum 4.5 0.114 241 1.38e-05 0.784 0.215 0.699 9.7 0.031 1850 219 1630 837 2110 0.00167 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mean 4.41 0.112 235 1.35e-05 0.764 0.211 0.684 9.44 0.0301 1810 214 1600 816 2040 0.00164 63.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Median 4.42 0.112 235 1.36e-05 0.765 0.211 0.685 9.48 0.0302 1820 214 1600 816 2040 0.00164 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix142-50.25MPa-F1 4.4 0.109 229 1.32e-05 0.745 0.208 0.67 9.39 0.0293 1780 209 1570 794 2030 0.00161 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix143-50.5MPa-F1 4.26 0.109 229 1.31e-05 0.745 0.204 0.669 9.09 0.0294 1770 209 1560 796 1940 0.0016 67.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix144-50.75MPa-F1 4.28 0.109 230 1.32e-05 0.748 0.206 0.672 9.21 0.0295 1780 209 1570 798 1980 0.00161 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix145-51MPa-F1 4.33 0.109 230 1.33e-05 0.75 0.207 0.674 9.27 0.0296 1790 210 1570 800 1990 0.00162 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix146-51.25MPa-F1 4.36 0.11 231 1.33e-05 0.752 0.207 0.675 9.23 0.0296 1790 210 1570 803 1980 0.00162 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix147-51.5MPa-F1 4.4 0.11 232 1.33e-05 0.754 0.208 0.677 9.33 0.0297 1790 211 1580 805 2000 0.00162 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix148-51.75MPa-F1 4.4 0.111 233 1.34e-05 0.758 0.211 0.68 9.49 0.0298 1810 212 1590 807 2060 0.00164 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix149-52MPa-F1 4.42 0.111 234 1.35e-05 0.761 0.212 0.682 9.59 0.0299 1810 213 1600 810 2080 0.00164 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix150-52.25MPa-F1 4.36 0.111 234 1.35e-05 0.761 0.21 0.682 9.41 0.03 1810 213 1590 812 2030 0.00164 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix151-52.5MPa-F1 4.44 0.111 235 1.35e-05 0.764 0.211 0.684 9.51 0.0301 1820 214 1600 814 2060 0.00164 62 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix152-52.75MPa-F1 4.48 0.112 235 1.36e-05 0.766 0.212 0.686 9.52 0.0302 1820 214 1600 817 2060 0.00165 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix153-53MPa-F1 4.48 0.112 236 1.37e-05 0.77 0.215 0.689 9.7 0.0303 1830 215 1610 819 2110 0.00166 68.2 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix154-53.25MPa-F1 4.43 0.112 236 1.36e-05 0.769 0.211 0.688 9.46 0.0303 1820 215 1610 821 2040 0.00165 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix155-53.5MPa-F1 4.41 0.113 237 1.37e-05 0.772 0.212 0.69 9.51 0.0304 1830 216 1610 824 2060 0.00166 59.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix156-53.75MPa-F1 4.45 0.113 238 1.37e-05 0.775 0.214 0.693 9.61 0.0305 1840 217 1620 826 2080 0.00166 63 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix157-54MPa-F1 4.49 0.113 239 1.37e-05 0.777 0.214 0.694 9.59 0.0306 1840 217 1620 828 2080 0.00167 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix158-54.25MPa-F1 4.5 0.114 239 1.38e-05 0.779 0.214 0.695 9.6 0.0307 1840 218 1620 831 2080 0.00167 60.9 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix159-54.5MPa-F1 4.4 0.114 239 1.37e-05 0.778 0.211 0.695 9.37 0.0308 1830 218 1610 833 2010 0.00166 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix160-54.75MPa-F1 4.44 0.114 240 1.38e-05 0.78 0.211 0.696 9.36 0.0309 1840 218 1620 835 2010 0.00166 65.1 0.0185 0.00025 0.833
Mix161-55MPa-F1 4.46 0.114 241 1.38e-05 0.784 0.213 0.699 9.52 0.031 1850 219 1630 837 2050 0.00167 57.8 0.0185 0.00025 0.833

The following pie charts provide aggregated A1-A3 breakdowns across all life cycle indicators considered for each product. First click on a desired impact category, and then a specific performance range for specific product comparisons across each category/indicator for a given performance range.

Impact breakdown plots by modules A1 to A3

environmental impact: acidification

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 11: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 12: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 13: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 14: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 15: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 16: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 17: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 18: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: eutrophication

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 19: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 20: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 21: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 22: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 23: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 24: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 25: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 26: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: global warming

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 27: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 28: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 29: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 30: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 31: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 32: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 33: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 34: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: ozone depletion

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 35: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 36: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 37: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 38: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 39: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 40: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 41: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 42: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: photochemical oxidation

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 43: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 44: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 45: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 46: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 47: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 48: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 49: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 50: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-elements

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 51: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 52: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 53: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 54: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 55: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 56: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 57: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 58: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 59: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 60: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 61: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 62: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 63: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 64: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 65: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 66: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

land filling: bulk waste

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 67: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 68: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 69: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 70: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 71: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 72: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 73: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 74: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

land filling: hazardous waste

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 75: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 76: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 77: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 78: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 79: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 80: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 81: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 82: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Total primary energy

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 83: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 84: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 85: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 86: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 87: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 88: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 89: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 90: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Renewable energy

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 91: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 92: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 93: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 94: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 95: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 96: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 97: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 98: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Non-renewable energy

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 99: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 100: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 101: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 102: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 103: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 104: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 105: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 106: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

water depletion: WDP

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 107: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 108: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 109: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 110: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 111: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 112: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 113: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 114: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Non-Renewable Resources

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 115: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 116: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 117: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 118: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 119: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 120: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 121: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 122: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Renewable Resources

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 123: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 124: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 125: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 126: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 127: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 128: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 129: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 130: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per 1 cubic meter of concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Additional Environmental Information

No regulated substances of very high concern are utilized on site

The following table exemplies how the level of recycled composition in our products…

Table 27: Example table in additional environdmental information section
Var1 Var2 Var3 Var4 Var5 Var6
Test1 999 999 999 999 999
Test2 999 999 999 999 999
Test3 999 999 999 999 999
Test4 999 999 999 999 999
Test5 999 999 999 999 999

References

ASTM Standards:

  • ASTM A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
  • ASTM A108 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished
  • ASTM A123/A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
  • ASTM A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
  • ASTM A184 Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
  • ASTM A416/A416M Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
  • ASTM A555/A555M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
  • ASTM A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A666 Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar
  • ASTM A706/A706M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A767/A767M Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A775/A775M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A820/A820M Standard Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM A884/A884M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement
  • ASTM A934/A934M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A1064/A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
  • ASTM C33/C33M Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
  • ASTM C94 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
  • ASTM C150/C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
  • ASTM C260/C260M Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
  • ASTM C595 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
  • ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
  • ASTM C979/C979M Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
  • ASTM C989/C989M Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
  • ASTM C1017/C1017M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
  • ASTM C1116/C1116M Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM C1157/C1157M Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
  • ASTM C1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
  • ASTM C1602/C1602M Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
  • ASTM G109 Standard Test Method for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments
  • ASTM C330/C330M Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
  • ASTM C494/C494M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

CSA Standards:

  • CAN/CGSB-1.40 Anticorrosive Structural Steel Alkyd Primer
  • CAN/CSA G30.18 Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement
  • CAN/CSA A3000 Cementitious Materials Compendium
  • CAN/CSA G40.20/G40.21 General requirements for rolled or welded structural quality steel / Structural quality steel
  • CAN/CSA A23.1/A23.2 Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test methods and Standard Practices for Concrete
  • CAN/CSA A23.4 Precast concrete - Materials and construction
  • CSA S806 Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers

ISO Standards:

  • ISO 6707-1: 2014 Buildings and Civil Engineering Works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General Terms
  • ISO 14021:1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Self-declared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
  • ISO 14025:2006 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Type III Environmental Declarations — Principles and Procedures
  • ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework
  • ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines
  • ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Footprint of Products – Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification
  • ISO 14050:2009 Environmental Management — Vocabulary
  • ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction - Environmental Declaration of Building Products

EN Standards:

  • EN 16757 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Product Category Rules for concrete and concrete elements
  • EN 15804 Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products

Other References:

Appendix A: Master Table of aggregated impact results

Table 28: A reference to all impact indicators and metrics considered
environmental impact: acidification moles of H+-Eq AP.mol.H.eq
environmental impact: eutrophication kg N EP.kg.N.eq
environmental impact: ecotoxicity kg 2,4-D-Eq ETP.kg.2.4.D.eq
environmental impact: global warming kg CO2-Eq GWP.kg.CO2.eq
environmental impact: ozone depletion kg CFC-11-Eq ODP.kg.CFC.11.eq
environmental impact: photochemical oxidation kg NOx-Eq PCOP.kg.NOx.eq
human health: carcinogenics kg benzene-Eq HHC.kg.C6H6.eq
human health: non-carcinogenics kg toluene-Eq HHNC.kg.C7H8.eq
human health: respiratory effects, average kg PM2.5-Eq HHRE.kg.PM2.5.eq
biomass: renewable energy resources, biomass MJ-Eq RER.bio.MJ.eq
geothermal: renewable energy resources, geothermal, converted MJ-Eq RER.geo.MJ.eq
solar: renewable energy resources, solar, converted MJ-Eq RER.sol.MJ.eq
wind: renewable energy resources, kinetic (in wind), converted MJ-Eq RER.wnd.MJ.eq
water: renewable energy resources, potential (in barrage water), converted MJ-Eq RER.H2O.MJ.eq
fossil: non-renewable energy resources, fossil MJ-Eq NRER.ff.MJ.eq
nuclear: non-renewable energy resources, nuclear MJ-Eq NRER.nuc.MJ.eq
primary forest: non-renewable energy resources, primary forest MJ-Eq NRER.primBio.MJ.eq
land filling: bulk waste kg waste LFW.kg.wste
land filling: hazardous waste kg waste LFHW.kg.wste
Non-Renewable Resources kg NRR.kg
renewable resources: wood m3 RR.wood.kg
water depletion: WDP m3 WDP.kg
Abiotic Depletion-elements kg Sbeq ADPe.kg.SB.eq
Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels kg Sbeq ADPf.kg.SB.eq
Total primary energy MJ-Eq TPE.MJ.eq
Renewable energy MJ-Eq RE.MJ.eq
Non-renewable energy MJ-Eq NRE.MJ.eq
Renewable Resources kg RR.kg

Table 29: A master table of all results across all products (A1 to A3 aggregated)

Product owner: Ready Mix Inc.

EPD Commissioner: Ready Mix Inc.

Program Operation: P3 Optima

3rd Party Verifier: FirstName LastName

Original Publish Date: 20 April 2020
Updated on: no updates
EPD valid until: 19 April 2025